Radix Technology

$XRD is the native token of the Radix network . Unlike an ERC-20-style smart-contract token, XRD is a native asset – a first-class resource created an…

An Access Controller is a native blueprint that holds a smart account 's owner badge in a vault and hands out proofs of it under rules the ledger enfo…

An access rule is the unit of authorization on Radix. It is data attached to an object by the Role Assignment module , not code inside a component, an…

The application layer is the topmost layer of the Radix Engine stack – where developer-authored Scrypto blueprints, packages, and components actually…

Asset-oriented programming is Radix's foundational design principle where digital assets (tokens, NFTs , badges ) are native primitives managed by the…

Atomic composability means that complex multi-step operations either execute completely or not at all. On Radix, a single transaction manifest can cha…

A badge is a resource shown as proof of authority: the engine checks a proof of it, then discards the proof, and the badge never moves.

Blind signing is the practice of signing transactions whose effects you cannot verify. On Ethereum , users routinely approve transactions that are opa…

The blockchain trilemma , popularized by Ethereum 's Vitalik Buterin, states that a blockchain can only optimize for two of three properties: scalabil…

In Scrypto , code is organized into a hierarchy: Blueprints – Templates that define logic, state, and access rules (analogous to Rust structs with imp…

Radix's asset-oriented programming model uses three core container types: Permanent storage for resources. Every account, component, and dApp stores i…

Byzantine Fault Tolerance ( BFT ) is the property of a distributed system that enables it to reach consensus even when up to one-third of participatin…

Cassandra [ /kəˈsændrə/ ] was a research project spearheaded by Dan Hughes to address two critical issues that could arise in a sharded network, speci…

A central bank digital currency ( CBDC ) is a digital form of money issued by a central bank as its own direct liability. Central bank money today rea…

Cerberus is the Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus protocol specified in Radix's 2020 whitepaper. Its central idea is braided parallelism : rather tha…

This page compares a specification against deployed protocols, which is the first thing to hold in mind: Cerberus 's distinguishing feature – atomic c…

The Cerberus whitepaper presents the formal specification of the Cerberus consensus protocol. Originally published as a preprint in 2020, it was peer-…

A component is a runtime instance of a blueprint , with its own persistent state, its own globally-addressable identity, and its own configured access…

Component Royalties allow Scrypto blueprint authors to earn fees whenever their deployed components are used. This is enforced at the Radix Engine lev…

Composability is the general ability of components of a system to be recombined into larger structures and for the output of one to be the input of an…

Radix's consensus mechanism has evolved through multiple generations, each building on lessons learned: Dan Hughes ' earliest experiments with distrib…

The Consensus Manager is a native blueprint that exposes the network’s consensus state – current epoch, round, validator set, and emissions schedule –…

This page is a closed record. The agent cluster it describes was retired on 27 June 2026 , when the nine cron-driven API routes that ran it — includin…

Decentralized Finance , commonly referred to as DeFi is an umbrella term for a variety of financial applications in blockchain or cryptocurrency geare…

Decentralized Science (DeSci) refers to an emerging model of organizing and funding scientific research in a more open, collaborative, and decentraliz…

Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) is a Sybil protection mechanism invented by Dan Larimer and used by certain distributed ledgers, including Radix. In D…

eMunie [ /‘i ˈmʌni/ ] was the name given to Dan Hughes ’ distributed ledger project prior to the launch of Ethereum (~2013).

Finite State Machines (FSM) are software components that restrict an application’s behavior to a subset of possible states.

The Honest Majority Assumption is a critical security premise that underlies Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Sybil defense mechanisms. Th…

hyperscale-rs is a community-built Rust implementation of the Hyperscale consensus protocol for the Radix DLT ecosystem, and the leading candidate to…

In January 2026, the Radix Foundation completed the final public Hyperscale test, demonstrating that its Hyperscale reference implementation could sus…

This page is a closed record. The agent cluster it describes was retired on 27 June 2026 , when the nine cron-driven API routes that ran it — includin…

The kernel is the lowest layer of the Radix Engine. It manages substates (units of persistent state), actors (entities that own substates), invocation…

Liquid Stake Units (LSUs) are native Radix tokens representing staked XRD with a specific validator . Unlike liquid staking on other chains (Lido's st…

The Locker is a native blueprint for permissioned resource distribution: a sender deposits resources into the locker addressed to specific recipients,…

The Metadata module is one of the engine's pluggable object modules. Every globalized object – packages, components, resources, accounts – has a Metad…

On Ethereum and other EVM chains, using DeFi requires the token-approval pattern : before a contract can move a user’s ERC-20 tokens it must first be…

The Radix network mints new XRD as network emissions to reward the validators and stakers who secure the ledger. Roughly 300 million XRD is emitted pe…

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are digital assets that represent unique items like artwork, collectibles, and in-game items. On Radix, NFTs are core primi…

Personas is a digital identity management feature introduced by Radix as part of its Q2 2023 network upgrade to Babylon . It represents a significant…

Radix Connect is a framework designed to facilitate seamless interactions between mobile wallets and desktop browsers, specifically tailored for decen…

The Radix Core API provides low-level access to Radix nodes for transaction submission, state queries, and network monitoring. It's primarily used by…

Alexandria [ /ˌæləgˈzændriə/ ] was a pre-Babylon version of the Radix network and appended the Olympia release with a Scrypto developer environment fo…

The Radix economic model is the set of rules that decide where XRD comes from and where it goes. There are only three flows, and each obeys a differen…

The Radix Engine is the execution environment that runs all Scrypto smart contracts on Radix. Unlike the EVM (which is a general-purpose virtual machi…

As AI agents increasingly manage financial operations autonomously, the underlying ledger's architecture becomes critical. Radix provides four propert…

The Radix Gateway API is the primary developer interface for building dApps on Radix. It indexes the ledger and provides REST endpoints for querying a…

Radix governance is the set of institutions, rules, and processes by which decisions about the Radix network and its shared resources – its treasury,…

Babylon [ /ˈbæbəˌlɑn/ ] is the current version release of the Radix network that debuted smart contracts and the Radix Engine execution environment. T…

Olympia [ /oʊˈlɪmpiə/ ] was was the initial release of the Radix Public Network and introduced the core node software, desktop wallet, staking, the Ra…

Xi’an [ /ʃi’æn/ ] will be the next major release of the Radix network . Xi’an will allow an unlimited number of shard groups , enabling Radix’s sharde…

Radix's native pool blueprints – OneResourcePool , TwoResourcePool , and MultiResourcePool – provide canonical liquidity-pool primitives implemented i…

A protocol update is a named, major change to the rules every Radix node runs. Radix Docs describes them as happening approximately two to three times…

Radix and Cosmos take fundamentally different approaches to scalability: Cosmos uses sovereign app-chains connected via Inter-Blockchain Communication…

Ethereum uses Casper PoS with a single execution layer processing all transactions sequentially. Scalability relies on L2 rollups (Optimism, Arbitrum,…

Both Radix and Polkadot address scalability through sharding, but with very different architectures: Polkadot uses a hub-and-spoke model: parachains (…

Solana orders transactions with Proof of History and agrees on them with Tower BFT, over one global state machine : there are no shards and no executi…

The Radix Wallet is a mobile-first cryptocurrency wallet built by RDX Works , developed to manage $XRD and other tokens on the Radix network . The wal…

RCnet was a test network developed by Radix to provide developers with the tools and standards necessary for creating more robust applications on Radi…

A resource is the Radix Engine's first-class representation of a digital asset. Unlike token contracts on EVM-style chains – where balances are bookke…

The Role Assignment module is the native object module that stores an object's permissions. Every globalized object carries one, and its state is deli…

A rollup is a layer-2 blockchain scaling construction in which transactions are executed outside the base blockchain (the layer 1) while the data requ…

RRC-404 is an implementation of the ERC-404 token standard on Radix, developed using the Scrypto programming language. It aims to provide fungible liq…

Scrypto is Radix's smart contract programming language. Built on Rust, it implements asset-oriented programming where tokens and NFTs are native primi…

Shard groups [ /ʃɑrd grups/ ] or Validator Sets on Radix are groups of validators responsible for storing and validating the ledger state on subsets o…

Sharding [ /ˈʃɑːdɪŋ/ ] is a method of partitioning a database horizontally across separate servers to improve scalability, performance and data availa…

On Radix, every account is a smart account – a programmable component on the ledger with configurable access rules , deposit preferences, and recovery…

A stablecoin is a cryptocurrency designed to maintain a stable value, most commonly by targeting a fixed exchange rate – a peg – against a reference a…

Staking is a crucial mechanism in many cryptocurrency systems, particularly those using Proof of Stake (PoS) or Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consen…

Operational note, 29 August 2026: the full Stokenet reset is done . The network went down at 07:00 UTC on Saturday 29 August 2026 and was declared bac…

Pre-authorizations – the user-facing name for subintents – allow "a partial transaction to be authorized by one actor such that it can then become a p…

The Substate Model is Radix's approach to storing and managing on-ledger state. Rather than using a global account-based model ( Ethereum ) or UTXOs (…

The system layer implements the engine's high-level abstractions – objects, blueprints, packages, modules (Metadata, Royalty, Role Assignment), and th…

Tempo [ /ˈtɛmˌpoʊ/ ] is a consensus protocol developed as the fifth iteration of Radix. First proposed in 2017 , Tempo pioneered innovations such as l…

A weekly reading of the Radix ledger, kept so each week can be compared with the last.

Transaction manifests are Radix's instruction format for describing what a transaction should do. Where an EVM transaction encodes a function call as…

The Transaction Processor is the native blueprint that turns a transaction manifest into engine calls. Every user transaction on Radix begins in it: i…

The Transaction Tracker is a system-level native blueprint that records the status of every transaction submitted to the network – including its inten…

Transactions per second (TPS) is a key metric of the speed and scalability of payment and distributed ledger (DLT) networks. High TPS enables networks…

A Trust Boundary [ /trʌst ˈbaʊndəri/ ] is a concept used in distributed systems to describe the point beyond which a component must rely on the behavi…

The Unspent Transaction Output ( UTXO ) model is a way to track ownership of digital assets in cryptocurrency systems. The Radix Engine implements a n…

Validator nodes secure the Radix network by participating in Cerberus consensus . They process transactions, propose state changes, and earn staking r…

Vamos is a novel database persistence layer developed by Dan Hughes , designed to provide better performance than traditional databases like LevelDB,…

The VM layer of the Radix Engine executes blueprint code. Two virtual machines coexist: the Scrypto VM , which runs developer-authored WebAssembly com…

Auto-maintained by the wiki-sweep routine. Each run records what was swept, advances the category rotation, logs ecosystem signals, and tracks communi…

The worktop is the resource staging area that exists for the life of a single transaction intent. When a manifest withdraws tokens from an account, th…