Core Concepts

Access Rules are Radix's system-level authorization mechanism. Unlike EVM where access control is enforced by smart contract code (vulnerable to bugs)…

Asset-oriented programming is Radix's foundational design principle where digital assets (tokens, NFTs , badges ) are native primitives managed by the…

Atomic composability means that complex multi-step operations either execute completely or not at all. On Radix, a single transaction manifest can cha…

Blind signing is the practice of signing transactions whose effects you cannot verify. On Ethereum , users routinely approve transactions that are opa…

The blockchain trilemma , popularized by Ethereum 's Vitalik Buterin, states that a blockchain can only optimize for two of three properties: scalabil…

In Scrypto , code is organized into a hierarchy: Blueprints — Templates that define logic, state, and access rules (analogous to Rust structs with imp…

Radix's asset-oriented programming model uses three core container types: Permanent storage for resources. Every account, component, and dApp stores i…

Byzantine Fault Tolerance ( BFT ) is the property of a distributed system that enables it to reach consensus even when up to one-third of participatin…

Component Royalties allow Scrypto blueprint authors to earn fees whenever their deployed components are used. This is enforced at the Radix Engine lev…

Composability is the general ability of components of a system to be recombined into larger structures and for the output of one to be the input of an…

Decentralized Finance , commonly referred to as DeFi is an umbrella term for a variety of financial applications in blockchain or cryptocurrency geare…

Decentralized Science (DeSci) refers to an emerging model of organizing and funding scientific research in a more open, collaborative, and decentraliz…

Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) is a Sybil protection mechanism invented by Dan Larimer and used by certain distributed ledgers, including Radix. In D…

Finite State Machines (FSM) are software components that restrict an application’s behavior to a subset of possible states.

The Honest Majority Assumption is a critical security premise that underlies Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) Sybil defense mechanisms. Th…

Liquid Stake Units (LSUs) are native Radix tokens representing staked XRD with a specific validator . Unlike liquid staking on other chains (Lido's st…

On Ethereum , interacting with DeFi requires the approval pattern : users call approve() to grant a contract permission to move their tokens via trans…

The Radix network emits 300 million XRD annually to validators and their stakers. This incentivizes network security through delegated proof of stake…

As AI agents increasingly manage financial operations autonomously, the underlying ledger's architecture becomes critical. Radix provides four propert…

Shard groups [ /ʃɑrd grups/ ] or Validator Sets on Radix are groups of validators responsible for storing and validating the ledger state on subsets o…

Sharding [ /ˈʃɑːdɪŋ/ ] is a method of partitioning a database horizontally across separate servers to improve scalability, performance and data availa…

Staking is a crucial mechanism in many cryptocurrency systems, particularly those using Proof of Stake (PoS) or Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consen…

The Substate Model is Radix's approach to storing and managing on-ledger state. Rather than using a global account-based model ( Ethereum ) or UTXOs (…

Transactions per second (TPS) is a key metric of the speed and scalability of payment and distributed ledger (DLT) networks. High TPS enables networks…

A Trust Boundary [ /trʌst ˈbaʊndəri/ ] is a concept used in distributed systems to describe the point beyond which a component must rely on the behavi…

The Unspent Transaction Output ( UTXO ) model is a way to track ownership of digital assets in cryptocurrency systems. The Radix Engine implements a n…

Validator nodes secure the Radix network by participating in Cerberus consensus . They process transactions, propose state changes, and earn staking r…