Radix Research

Most of Radix exists because one problem was refused for thirteen years: a single-threaded ledger cannot serve the world’s financial traffic, and bigger or faster blocks buy time rather than remove the ceiling. This section holds the designs tried against it, from eMunie in 2013 through Tempo and Cerberus to Cassandra. The abandoned ones are kept because each names a failure mode the next design had to survive.

Hyperscale, and what the tests measured

The current line is Hyperscale. In January 2026 the Radix Foundation sustained more than 500,000 transactions per second, peaking above 700,000, on commodity AWS instances of four cores and 16 GB each. That measured the Foundation’s implementation: it was not a measurement of Cerberus as specified, and the braided cross-shard consensus in the Cerberus paper has not shipped in any implementation. hyperscale-rs, the community-built Rust implementation led by flightofthefox of proven.network, is the leading candidate to deliver Xi’an.

Began	2013, as eMunie
Originator	Dan Hughes (1979–2025)
Published protocol	Cerberus, peer-reviewed in JSys, June 2023
Current line	hyperscale-rs, community-built in Rust
Best public test	>500,000 TPS sustained, January 2026

The following 8 pages are in Research.

Cassandra

Cassandra [ /kəˈsændrə/ ] was a research project spearheaded by Dan Hughes to address two critical issues that could arise in a sharded network, speci…

Cerberus Whitepaper & Academic Validation

The Cerberus whitepaper presents the formal specification of the Cerberus consensus protocol. Originally published as a preprint in 2020, it was peer-…

Consensus Evolution at Radix

Radix's consensus mechanism has evolved through multiple generations, each building on lessons learned: Dan Hughes ' earliest experiments with distrib…

eMunie

eMunie [ /‘i ˈmʌni/ ] was the name given to Dan Hughes ’ distributed ledger project prior to the launch of Ethereum (~2013).

hyperscale-rs

hyperscale-rs is a community-built Rust implementation of the Hyperscale consensus protocol for the Radix DLT ecosystem, and the leading candidate to…

Hyperscale: 500K TPS Public Test

In January 2026, the Radix Foundation completed the final public Hyperscale test, demonstrating that its Hyperscale reference implementation could sus…

Radix Economic Model

The Radix economic model is the set of rules that decide where XRD comes from and where it goes. There are only three flows, and each obeys a differen…

Tempo (Consensus Mechanism)

Tempo [ /ˈtɛmˌpoʊ/ ] is a consensus protocol developed as the fifth iteration of Radix. First proposed in 2017 , Tempo pioneered innovations such as l…

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