--- title: "Homepage" path: "//" bannerImage: "https://j9ytchrzkvqpcul7.public.blob.vercel-storage.com/29546ce7-1618-4aff-9dc2-a11ed8a0fb5d.jpeg" version: "8.1.0" author: "Hydrate" createdAt: "2026-01-09T22:42:02.638Z" updatedAt: "2026-05-05T11:34:00.322Z" --- # Homepage **Radix** [ /rædɪks/ ] (Native asset: [**$XRD**](/contents/tech/core-protocols/xrd-token); sign: √ ) is a [**pre-sharded**](/contents/tech/core-concepts/sharding), [**full-stack**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution_stack), [**decentralized finance**](/contents/tech/core-concepts/decentralized-finance-defi) ([DeFi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_finance)) layer-1 (L1) protocol [**founded**](https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2019/01/09/this-hermitic-engineer-is-plotting-the-death-of-blockchain/) by [**Dan Hughes**](/community/dan-hughes). An associated cryptocurrency was [**launched in November 2020**](https://www.radixdlt.com/post/exrd-tokens-are-live) as a price-vested [ERC-20](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-20) token ([**$eXRD**](/contents/tech/core-protocols/xrd-token)) on the [Ethereum](https://ethereum.org) network. $eXRD was superseded by native [**$XRD**](https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/radix) in July 2021 with the launch of Radix’s [**Olympia Mainnet**](/contents/tech/releases/radix-mainnet-olympia). Radix has been designed to address the requirements of DeFi, including fast, parallel [**consensus**](/contents/tech/core-protocols/cerberus-consensus-protocol), [**decentralized applications**](/contents/tech/core-protocols/radix-engine), & [**atomic composability**](/contents/tech/core-concepts/atomic-composability). ## Latest News ## Recently Updated Pages ## Architecture **Engine Layers** - [Application](/contents/tech/core-protocols/application-layer) - [VM](/contents/tech/core-protocols/vm-layer) - [System](/contents/tech/core-protocols/system-layer) - [Kernel](/contents/tech/core-protocols/kernel-layer) - [Database](/contents/tech/core-protocols/vamos-database) - [Radix Engine](/contents/tech/core-protocols/radix-engine) **Native Blueprints** - [Account](/contents/tech/core-protocols/smart-accounts) - [Package](/contents/tech/core-concepts/blueprints-and-packages) - [Identity](/contents/tech/core-protocols/personas) - [Access Controller](/contents/tech/core-concepts/access-controller) - [Consensus Manager](/contents/tech/core-concepts/consensus-manager) - [Validator](/contents/tech/core-concepts/validator-nodes) - [Pools](/contents/tech/core-concepts/radix-pools) - [Locker](/contents/tech/core-concepts/locker-blueprint) - [Transaction Tracker](/contents/tech/core-concepts/transaction-tracker) - [Transaction Processor](/contents/tech/core-concepts/transaction-processor) **Core Primitives** - [Resource](/contents/tech/core-concepts/resources) - [Vault](/contents/tech/core-concepts/buckets-proofs-and-vaults) - [Bucket](/contents/tech/core-concepts/buckets-proofs-and-vaults) - [Proof](/contents/tech/core-concepts/buckets-proofs-and-vaults) - [Component](/contents/tech/core-concepts/components) - [Blueprint](/contents/tech/core-concepts/blueprints-and-packages) - [Manifest](/contents/tech/core-protocols/transaction-manifests) - [Badge](/contents/tech/core-concepts/badges) - [Auth Zone](/contents/tech/core-concepts/access-rules-and-auth-zones) - [Worktop](/contents/tech/core-concepts/worktop) - [Substate](/contents/tech/core-concepts/substate-model) **Modules** - [Royalty](/contents/tech/core-concepts/component-royalties) - [Metadata](/contents/tech/core-concepts/metadata-module) - [Role Assignment](/contents/tech/core-concepts/role-assignment-module) ## **Development History** *Main article: *[***History of Radix***](/contents/history/history-of-radix) Since the Radix Production Network (RPN) naming convention was dropped, all releases have been [**named after**](https://youtu.be/1rNeL-X40lc) wonders of the ancient world, expanded beyond the traditional [**Seven Wonders**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World) to include [**Xi’an**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%27an), a city in China where the [**Terracotta Army**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta_Army) was found. ### **Pre-Mainnet Research** A test on a 2019 implementation called [**Tempo**](/contents/tech/research/tempo-consensus-mechanism) [**achieved over 1.4m tps**](https://www.radixdlt.com/post/scaling-dlt-to-over-1m-tps-on-google-cloud/) on 1187 nodes. Tests using Radix’s [**Cassandra**](/contents/tech/research/cassandra) cross-shard, atomically composable testnet and the [**Cerberus**](/contents/tech/core-protocols/cerberus-consensus-protocol) consensus mechanism have shown promise in being able to host and serve website data as well as ledger state: > “*There’s a possibility that in some circumstances the actual content retrieval could maybe even outperform traditional centralized web servers because it’s automatically distributed; it’s load balanced.*” - [Dan Hughes](/community/dan-hughes), [**YouTube**](https://youtu.be/nXhABv1B9lk?t=1214) ### [**Olympia**](https://www.radixdlt.com/blog/radix-olympia-launch)** (July 2021)** *Main article: *[***Radix Mainnet (Olympia)***](/contents/tech/releases/radix-mainnet-olympia) [Olympia](https://learn.radixdlt.com/article/what-was-radixs-olympia-mainnet) was the first Radix Mainnet. It was released on the 28th of July, 2021 and was the first implementation of the [Radix Engine](/developers/legacy-docs/reference/radix-engine/radix-engine) execution environment, the [Cerberus consensus](https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.04450) protocol, and the native [**$XRD**](/contents/tech/core-protocols/xrd-token) token. ### [**Alexandria**](https://www.radixdlt.com/blog/radix-developer-environment-alexandria)** (December 2021)** *Main article: *[***Radix Developer Environment (Alexandria)***](/contents/tech/releases/radix-developer-environment-alexandria) [Alexandria](https://www.radixdlt.com/blog/alexandria-scrypto-is-here) was a major upgrade that occurred during December 2021 that provided preliminary tools for building [blueprints and components](/developers/legacy-docs/build/scrypto-1/blueprints-and-components) using the [Scrypto](/developers/legacy-docs/updates/roadmap/scrypto/scrypto) language. ### [**Babylon**](https://www.radixdlt.com/blog/radix-babylon-launch)** (live)** *Main article: *[***Radix Mainnet (Babylon)***](/contents/tech/releases/radix-mainnet-babylon) The [Babylon](https://learn.radixdlt.com/article/what-is-radixs-babylon-mainnet) release debuted blueprints and components / smart contracts, allowing true decentralized apps (dApps) on Radix. On 3 December 2023, the network experienced its [**first major outage**](https://www.radixdlt.com/blog/post-mortem-report-for-network-outage) — a ~11.5-hour halt triggered by a boundary-condition bug in routine state cleanup that surfaced only after ~90 days of mainnet operation. Safety mechanisms held: consensus halted, gateways stopped, and no transactions or funds were lost. A fix shipped as Node v1.0.5 within hours and the validator set restored liveness once two-thirds had updated. ### **Passing of Dan Hughes (July 2025)** *Main article: *[***Dan Hughes***](/community/dan-hughes) On 27 July 2025, Radix founder [**Dan Hughes**](/community/dan-hughes) [**passed away unexpectedly**](https://www.radixdlt.com/blog/in-memory-of-dan-hughes-founder-of-radix) from natural causes at his home. In the months prior, Dan had been leading the Hyperscale testing efforts and was deeply engaged in driving Radix forward. To ensure continuity, [**Adam Simmons**](https://www.linkedin.com/in/adamsimmons) (Chief Strategy Officer) and **Jonathan Day** (Finance Director) joined [**Andy Jarrett**](https://www.linkedin.com/in/andyjarrett) (CEO) as Directors of the [Radix Foundation](/ecosystem/radix-foundation). ### **Xi’an** *Main article: *[***Radix Mainnet (Xi’an)***](/contents/tech/releases/radix-mainnet-xian) From the [**Xi’an**](/contents/tech/releases/radix-mainnet-xian) release, Radix will use a fixed [**shard space**](/contents/tech/core-concepts/sharding) of 2^256 shards, with responsibility over the shard space orchestrated by an uncapped number of validator sets called [**shard groups**](/contents/tech/core-concepts/shard-groups), allowing transaction throughput to scale linearly with the number of nodes. This upgrade will add the fully sharded [Cerberus consensus](https://learn.radixdlt.com/article/what-is-cerberus) mechanism allowing for linear scaling over time. ### [**Hyperscale**](/ideas/hyperscale-open-source)** (2026)** In January 2026, the [Radix Foundation](/ecosystem/radix-foundation) completed a [**landmark public test**](https://www.radixdlt.com/blog/hyperscale-update-500k-public-test-done) of the fully sharded Cerberus consensus, sustaining 500,000+ transactions per second with peaks above 800,000 TPS across 128 shards on commodity hardware. Following the [**completion of the interim Hyperscale phase**](https://www.radixdlt.com/blog/interim-hyperscale-closing-the-chapter) in February 2026, the Foundation announced plans to open-source all code, documentation, and operational tooling. Development is now being continued by the community, with the [**hyperscale-rs**](/contents/tech/research/hyperscale-rs) Rust implementation emerging as the leading candidate. By April 2026, foundational consensus was complete (29 crates, 1,200+ commits) and lead developer flightofthefox submitted an [**18-month RFC for delivering Xi'an**](https://radixtalk.com/t/rfc-xian-delivering-hyperscale-for-radix/2280) to the governance forum, with milestones overseen by the [**Radix Accountability Council**](/community/radix-accountability-council). ### **Governance Handover (2026)** In January–February 2026, the Radix community [**elected a 5-member **](https://www.radixdlt.com/blog/consultation-results-radix-accountability-council)[**Radix Accountability Council (RAC)**](/community/radix-accountability-council) to oversee the transition of operational responsibilities from the Foundation to the community. Over 1.34 billion XRD from 1,151 unique accounts participated in the vote. The elected members — Peachy, Faraz, Jazzer_9F, Avaunt, and projectShift — serve as facilitators coordinating the 2026 handover. The community also [**voted to phase out the validator subsidy**](https://www.radixdlt.com/blog/consultation-results-the-future-of-the-validator-subsidy) with 71.6% support (over 1 billion XRD from 604 accounts). The subsidy is being tapered from $350/month in February to complete elimination by June 2026, transitioning Radix from a Foundation-subsidized model to a fee-driven market. In parallel, the Foundation issued [**Requests for Proposals (RFPs)**](https://www.radixdlt.com/blog/the-next-phase-of-decentralization-rfps-for-gateway-and-relay-services) to decentralize three core infrastructure services it had previously operated: the Babylon Gateway (ledger data aggregation), the Signalling Server (wallet-to-dApp WebRTC connections), and the Connect Relay (encrypted message buffering between mobile browsers and wallets). ## **Resources** - [**RadixDLT Twitter 🔗**](https://twitter.com/radixdlt) - [**RadixDLT YouTube 🔗**](https://www.youtube.com/c/RadixDLT) - [**How UK Fintech Startup Radix is Making Crypto Finance Accessible**](https://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-12236179/How-UK-fintech-startup-Radix-making-crypto-finance-accessible.html) - [**Complete Guide to Radix and the $XRD Token**](https://www.blocmates.com/protocol-focus/a-complete-guide-to-radix-and-the-xrd-token) - [**Coinmonks Industry Case Study: Radix**](https://medium.com/coinmonks/industry-case-study-radix-distributed-ledger-technology-74d3a0c78b1) - [**RadixWorld**](https://linktr.ee/radixworld) | | ** DEVELOPMENT** | | **Founded** | [**2017-07-13**](/contents/history/history-of-radix) | | **Founder** | [**Dan Hughes**](/community/dan-hughes) | | **CEO** | **Andy Jarrett** | | **Whitepapers** | [**2020 Economic Whitepaper **](https://assets.website-files.com/6053f7fca5bf627283b582c2/6088147cbbc08674b4975349_Economic-2020-V10.4.pdf)[**2022 DeFi Whitepaper**](https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/6053f7fca5bf627283b582c2/61d5a4583aad156a094c5628_Radix%20DeFi%20White%20Paper%20v2.05.pdf) [**2020 Cerberus Consensus Protocol**](https://assets.website-files.com/6053f7fca5bf627283b582c2/608811e3f5d21f235392fee1_Cerberus-Whitepaper-v1.01.pdf) [**2023 Cerberus Consensus Protocol**](https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6h427354) | | **Code Repository** | [**github.com/radixdlt/radixdlt**](https://github.com/radixdlt) | | **Current Release** | [**Babylon**](/contents/tech/releases/radix-mainnet-babylon) | | **Antecedent** | [**Alexandria**](/contents/tech/releases/radix-developer-environment-alexandria) | | **Postcedent** | [**Xi’an**](/contents/tech/releases/radix-mainnet-xian) | | | **STACK** | | **State Model** | [**Sharded**](/contents/tech/core-concepts/sharding) | | **Sybil Protection** | [**Delegated Proof of Stake**](/contents/tech/core-concepts/delegated-proof-of-stake-dpos) | | **Consensus Protocol** | [**Cerberus**](/contents/tech/core-protocols/cerberus-consensus-protocol) | | **Execution Environment** | [**Radix Engine**](/contents/tech/core-protocols/radix-engine) v2 | | **Language** | [**Scrypto**](/contents/tech/core-protocols/scrypto-programming-language) | | **Networking** | [**Radix node 1.3.3**](https://github.com/radixdlt/node-runner/releases) | | **Governance** | [**RAC**](/community/radix-accountability-council) (5 elected members) | | | **LEDGER** | | **Explorer** | [**radxplorer.com**](https://www.radxplorer.com/) | | **Native Asset** | [**$XRD**](/contents/tech/core-protocols/xrd-token) | | **Supply Limit** | [**√ 24,000,000,000**](https://www.coingecko.com/en/coins/radix) | | **Max. tps** | [**500k+ sustained / 800k+ peak**](https://www.radixdlt.com/blog/hyperscale-update-500k-public-test-done) (2026/01 [Hyperscale](/ideas/hyperscale-open-source), 128 shards) [**1.4m**](https://www.radixdlt.com/post/scaling-dlt-to-over-1m-tps-on-google-cloud) (2019/08/28 [**Tempo**](/contents/tech/research/tempo-consensus-mechanism)) |